Table of content
|Read No. | Name of chapter| |:———: |:————–:| |2|Text| |2|Introducing CSS| |2|Basic JavaScrit instructions| |2|Decisions and loops|
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Headings
HTML has six “levels” of headings:
1-< h1 > is used for main headings.
2-< h2 > is used for subheadings.
3- If there are further sections under the subheadings then the < h3 > element is used, and so on…
Paragraphs
< p >
To create a paragraph, surround the words that make up the paragraph with an opening < p > tag and closing < /p > tag.
Bold & Italic
< b >
By enclosing words in the tags < b > and < /b > we can make characters appear bold.
< i >
By enclosing words in the tags < i > and < /i > we can make characters appear italic.
Superscript & Subscrip
< sup >
The < sup > element is used to contain characters that should be superscript such as the suffixes of dates or mathematical concepts like raising a number to a power.
< sub >
The < sub > element is used to contain characters that should be subscript. It is commonly used with foot notes or chemical formulas such.
White Space
In order to make code easier to read, web page authors often add extra spaces or start some elements on new lines.
When the browser comes across two or more spaces next to each other, it only displays one space. Similarly if it comes across a line break, it treats that as a single space too. This is known as white space collapsing.
Line Breaks & Horizontal Rules
< br />
As you have already seen, the browser will automatically show each new paragraph or heading on a new line. But if you wanted to add a line break inside the middle of a paragraph you can use the line break tag < br />.
< hr />
To create a break between themes — such as a change of topic in a book or a new scene in a play — you can add a horizontal rule between sections using the < hr /> tag.
Introducing CSS
CSS works by associating rules with HTML elements. These rules govern how the content of specified elements should be displayed. A CSS rule contains two parts: a selector and a declaration.
CSS declarations sit inside curly brackets and each is made up of two\ parts: a property and a value, separated by a colon. You can specify several properties in one declaration, each separated by a semi-colon.
Using External CSS
< link >
The element can be used in an HTML document to tell the browser where to find the CSS file used to style the page. It is an empty element (meaning it does not need a closing tag), and it lives inside the < head > element. It should use three attributes:
1- href: This specifies the path to the CSS file (which is often placed in a folder called css or styles).
2- type: This attribute specifies the type of document being linked to. The value should be text/css.
3- rel: This specifies the relationship between the HTML page and the file it is linked to. The value should be stylesheet when linking to a CSS file.
Using Internal CSS
< style >
You can also include CSS rules within an HTML page by placing them inside a < style > element, which usually sits inside the < head > element of the page.
CSS Selectors
There are many different types of CSS selector that allow you to target rules to specific elements in an HTML document.
Basic JavaScript Instructions
STATEMENTS
A script is a series of instructions that a computer can follow one-by-one. Each individual instruction or step is known as a statement. Statements should end with a semicolon.
COMMENTS
You should write comments to explain what your code does. They help make your code easier to read and understand. This can help you and others who read your code.
WHAT IS A VARIABLE?
A script will have to temporarily store the bits of information it needs to do its job. It can store this data in variables.
Variables: how to declare them
Before you can use a variable, you need to announce that you want to use it. This involves creating the variable and giving it a name. Programmers say that you Declare the variable.
Variables: how to assign them a value
Once you have created a variable, you can tell it what information you would like it to store for you. Programmers say that you assign a value to the variable.
DATA TYPES
JavaScript distinguishes between numbers, strings, and true or false values known as Booleans.
1- NUMERIC DATA TYPE: The numeric data type handles numbers.
2- STRING DATA TYPE: The strings data type consists of letters and other characters.
3- BOOLEAN DATA TYPE Boolean data types can have one of two values: true or false.
ARRAYS
An array is a special type of variable. It doesn’t just store one value; it stores a list of values.
CREATING AN ARRAY
You create an array and give it a name just like you would any other variable (using the var keyword followed by the name of the array).
The values are assigned to the array inside a pair of square brackets, and each value is separated by a comma. The values in the array do not need to be the same data type, so you can store a string, a number and a Boolean all in the same array.
Values in an array are accessed as if they are in a numbered list. It is important to know that the numbering of this list starts at zero (not one).
OPERATORS
Expressions rely on things called operators; they allow programmers to create a single value from one or more values.
JavaScript contains the following mathematical operators, which you can use with numbers. You may remember some from math class.
